Aer calidus et mel dulce: Canalization and Colonization

Intro: Hello everyone! After a few conversations and thinking about this, I am going to start my first TL on an ambitious idea I had. A Roman Empire with no Sahara desert from canalization and colonization. This will change the nature of our world's history to the point of it being alien. This will begin in the birth of a agricultural prodigy known as Septimus Maximus. A character I have made whose butterflys will change the nature of the Roman Empire that we know!

...Though that's all that I will say for now...

Enjoy! and leave recommendations for updates!
 
Maximus: A history and Life

Septimus Maximus Pt. I
Septimus Maximus was born in the isle Meninx to a bureaucratic family. The boy was known as very intelligent and spent his many days in the islands limits as he looked at the African mainland. He saw the prosperity of his villa and the sea's wet spray to his face filled him with a childish glee. During the early years of his life he witnessed the importance of water in relation to climate and plant-life especially since his island was flourishing. Maximus once went to the mainland when very young. After returning from Carthage he saw the vast plantations and villas that grew the empire's food supply. He had heard that over the mountains lied the vast dunes of the Sahara. He always thought it was interesting how the land next to great bodies of water were almost always fertile and lifelike. Such as in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The boy way confident and said that the empire could push the dunes back just as the trees in his isle turned gravel patches into meadows.

He was intrigued about how the Chott el-jerid was only a few miles from his beloved sea. If only Neptune could just extend that trident of his to make the sea fill that hole. A great earthquake could puncture the small hole and fill the lake with water.. Was a recorded sentence from the Albinus the historian showing how Maximus thought that he could create a new Mesopotamia in the endless desert.

In his teenage years he embarks on a journey to Alexandria for training on the uses of agriculture. His tutor had taught him that the Egyptians were very careful in retaining the fertile soil and fighting off the desert. After going to Alexandria, he began his studies in the halls of the library. He knew that Caesar once sacked the library many decades ago. But most of the institution had survived and philosophers continued to walk in the halls of the library. Although it had seen better days, Maximus was one of the few people who went with his own will. Which made him an early favorite of the philosophers.

Maximus experimented quite a lot during his stay. He knew the use of it compared to the futility of just hypothesis. He took sand and added a mixture of different grasses. Some died and some others were able to survive. The adult Maximus thought that if he bred those grasses together with others of their kind. The grass could create a mixture of their properties which could be resistant to the harsh desert. Maximus wrote this information down on a scroll and left it in order to use it at a later date. Maximus also wrote his Magnum Opus usura fossas effectily mutare climate. A piece which argues the use of canals in changing the weather of a desert into a Mesopatamia-like land of properity.

His studies made him infamous in the institute as many of his colleges called him out for his air-headed ideas. Many of his peers like the ideas he had. Maximus was a renegade philospher, his ideas laid the groundwork for modern science and opened a new school of philosophy; The Meninx school. Which emphasized experimentation and debate among researchers to just hypothesis. Maximus knew it was possible to make those dunes into farmland. He knew that canal building was possible even in such long distances. He had read that the Pharaohs that once ruled this land had used canals for farming. In archaic times, those god-kings wanted to connect the Nile to the Red Sea. A crude way of doing it, but easy if you have enough manpower. Against many of his opponents, he began to lecture on the importance of agriculture to the Nile. The fact that his schism against the philosphers made him known to the Alexandrian public. He met with many mathematicians from Greece who applauded his ideas about nature. His own ego going to his head. This made him famous even to the native Egyptian farmers. Whom he studied in their agricultural methods that they used in their harvests. He even went to study the agriculture of Mesopotamia in Rome's when it was occupied by Rome's nemesis; Parthia. The Ambitious Roman braved to the Shah's court of Ctesiphon. There the Ambitious Roman begged the Shah to let him test his techniques on the Tigris river. After 2 years of Experimentation and research in Mesopatamia. Maximus left Parthia to go back home to Alexandria. However, just a year there left Maximus more exhausted than in his trip to Parthia. Maximus was tired of always being called a idealist by his peers and left the Alexandrian school with a few of his peers who followed him. This concluded the Schism of Alexandria and the birth of the natural science in the world. Maximus would try his luck in speaking to the greatest authority, the ruler of millions, and he leader of several thousand men of across the realm.

The Emperor Augustus was going to listen to Septimus Maximus's pleas for experimentation. Maximus knew the emperor would need to listen to him. His ideas were going to change the very fabric of the empire. Maximus would turn the full might of the Roman automaton on the transforming of the Sahara.
 
Septimus Maximus Pt. II

Septimus and his colleges left from Alexandria to Rome. In the city they met the emperor's representatives, they offered them a time in Augustus's court. Maximus agreed to the man's offer gladly. However the diplomat was suspicious of the fact that Maximus went to Parthia of all places before wanting a position in the emperor's court. The diplomat thought that Maximus was either a spy or a assassin from a rival house. Maximus would have to effectively prove that he was to be trusted. Maximus knew of the fact that Augustus was looking for a great achievement to project his domination of the world and legitimize his position as emperor. Something that the gods themselves would marvel at. Something that would make Augustus greater than all the old heroes of ancient Greece... Conquest was in Augustus's mind, but what kind of conquest.

Maximus knew that Augustus was a godly man, so he devised the plan of wooing Augustus to his idea. This was also helped by the fact that his reputation reached the ears of the Roman priests. They were willing to make an alliance with Maximus for influence in the court of Rome. The priests had always struggled with the other Factions of the Republic for dominance of the realm. The destruction of the Republic and the birth of the empire made a new arena for the factions to fight on. And the priests could use Maximus as a proxy for their own selfish ambitions. So the priests sent their most charismatic member to help the philosopher. Maximus didn't know the extent of the religious faction's power. But accepted it anyway.. Maximus's actions with the emperor would be dramatized later by the epic poem Conquestum. In the year 10 BC, Maximus met Augustus in his court at Rome for the first time. While no written accounts of the meeting have survived to the modern day, the great historian Honoria recorded a realistic account of the conversation.

The Emperor [Augustus], met the renegade philosopher [Maximus] in his marble throne. Beside the bearded scientist stood a priest of Neptune. The emperor was nonchalant as the bearded man arrived but became intrigued when the god's man arrived next to him. The emperor asked in a low, harsh tone who the man was and where was he from. The man proudly said that he was Maximus; son of Meninx, who wanted audience with the emperor that was the will of the gods. The man showed in a projecting voice about how the empire was faced on all sides by evil barbarians. Neptune favored Augustus and offers Augustus a challenge where the ancients had failed. Create a great canal that will send Nuptune's daughters to the deserts around Carthage. The waters will be Neptune's blessing as it will bring life to the wastes!

Augustus was unprepared for such a strange offer. The empire was favored by Mars, but Neptune wants us to war against the wastes? The priest of Neptune took Augustus's hands and proclaimed that the if Neptune's challenge is completed. Rome will rule the world for 1000 years. The court was shocked at such a proclamation, but Augustus held steadfast. He was cynical of such an offer. The gods grant orders themselves or with Mercury as their messenger, How could an old man proclaim such a bold statement? Simple was the priest's answer to Augustus's question. He was the avatar of Neptune in the mortal world, a vessel of flesh and blood that the god can control. His was the will of the high power. And the higher powers willed Augustus to do such a thing.

Augustus accepted the offer after a few days of consideration. The emperor only wanted Maximus's guidance in the construction of such a canal. This was gladly accepted by the scheming researcher. The project would take hundreds of thousands of slaves in order to complete. The patrons of the project were courtesy of a few noble families that witnessed the plea, the priests of the Roman gods, and the Imperial treasury. The Legions surrounding surrounding the city of Carthage and vast amounts of slaves brought in as trophies from the conquest of Gaul and Germania. These slaves were brought in through a vast network of boats that brought them from Europe to Carthage, and then on to the working areas on the shores of the Mediterranean.

Augustus in private knew what the priests were doing. Using a passionate Alexandrian academic in order to gain favor. However the implications of such a feat were not small. It would make the Pyramids look like dust that could just fly away. The idea that one man's will alone could turn desert into sea was absolutely incredible. The propaganda that could be done would alone be worth it. A Colosseum was rock; Centuries later, people could still feel the waves of the sea he made. Temples would be raised in his name across the Sahara. An empire that he still symbolically ruled centuries after his passing; marvelous. Augustus would play along to the priests and their proxy.
 
Construction of the Augustian canal

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The Chott long before the canal.

Long before the construction of the canal and the return of water. The chott el-jerid was a depression that had a small body of salt water. This salt was harvested by ancient peoples and used as a preservative for their food. Salt then was very expensive, only kings or wealthy merchants had the ability to buy such a valuable item. The Trans-Sahara trade thrived off of this salt as nomads would take large slabs of salt across the deserts to coastal cities. There these could be sold on European markets for consumption.

The chott itself was below the level of the sea. Something Maximus definitely noted during his expeditions across the deserts near the Roman border. Maximus knew that once this lake was filled, it will completely change the nature of the desert around it.

The first projects started around the year 5 BC. Augustus sent many slaves and legionaries to work in the sweltering sun (of course they would work seperatly). Augustus himself wasn't present as he was campaigning across the Empire's borders. Maximus though, was present at the site as he worked together with experienced architects from across the empire. However, he was not the leader of the operation. That was held by a general of Augustus's choosing. Who was willing to listen to another Fellow Roman's opinions on the project. There were also local scouts who spotted accessible and easier areas to dig through. Camels were the main mule for the workers as they worked well in local climate. The main project began in the middle and gradually expanded until it met the sea and the Lake bed. Markers were used also, boulders were arranged in a single file line which indicated the work area. Work began to increase in productivity as local tribes were hired to work along side the Roman soldiers. These tribes also knew the terrain and helped the Romans as much as they could. Including in selling products such as goat cheese, goad milk, Camel dung, tools, maps, furs etc. Most soldiers were disciplined though and ignored any local offers. While all of them quickly adopted the local clothing during actual work. Their camps were large and organized in a way that could resist bandit attacks. Their tools new and effective, and the dry weather of the desert limiting the risk of disease on the people and livestock.

The slaves were another story. Brought from across the empire the slaves were less able to talk to the other groups and in constant risk of the desert sun. The Romans didn't encourage the slaves wearing the local clothing but also didn't frown upon it. As many of the slaves were from places of little sun; their light skin were more susceptible to the dangers of burns from the sun. This means that even a few hours of work can make burns. Horrific tales spread of a slave from Dacia who was completely covered in boils and screaming at the top of his lungs after their flesh was baked from the hot sun during a day's work. This slave was put out of their misery after complaints from the other slaves about his constant screaming during the night. The slaves stole what they could or worked together. A peice of cloth could be woven into a long covering which protects against the sun. This was what most of them did as they collected scraps from wherever they could find. Work however, couldn't be done during night by the slaves as they could escape. The soldiers had schedules, and did work during nighttime and during times of low sun. They slept during noon and had short naps during night-work. This kept digging productive and effective.
Women were rare, and what little were effectively servants. They supplied water to the men and cooked. While locals did this to a larger extent as well. Cooking was done by hand. Although all one would have to do to get a pork chop in that weather was to leave a piece of pork on a rock and wait until fully cooked. This was a joke in most camps. The camps were also filled with camp followers, many of whom sired bastards with the Roman soldiers who eventually became citizens of future cities.

The work was hard for the first year. Although news came that Augustus had conquered new parts along the frontiers. This brought new waves of slaves from Syria, Judea, and Hispania to the camps. Which made the work done a little before schedule. Maximus knew that these new workers could increase the effectivity of the job. But also the fact that they're fresh means that they could revolt easier. This brought him to the conclusion that they could be used for a third part of the project, the center. These new workers could be put in the center where the soldiers held them down by sea, and the other slaves were by the main desert. Putting them in a trapped place where they couldn't escape. That wasn't the end of the Romans cruelty towards their slaves. Roman commanders used very draconian methods of pacifying their slaves for their crimes. One crime was to let a slave who ran away but was captured go; that is go through the Sahara desert in peak sun, naked. The slaves quietly did as they were told with the hopes that the Romans could free them. However the will of the Romans was to send these slaves back to their masters once they were done with the project.
5 years marked a great feast for the Roman legionaries. This feast was already known by a band of 20 slaves, their leader a Scythian known as Baestae. Baestae led his men to the desert with a few stolen camels and supplies right under the Roman's nose. They left in the middle of the night and were never found again.. The result of this escape was the most draconian thing the Romans did to the slaves. Anyone who was thought to be a suspect was crucified on the parts of the canal that were already dug in. This would mean that they hoped the slaves did their work as quickly as possible so that the cool seawater could take them out before the sun or vultures did. No-one ever spoke about the day of the punishment but it was constantly over their minds. This incident meant that no-more slaves ever escaped again. knowing that their escape could mean a horrible death.

6 years meant that the project was almost completely finished. The slaves were decimated in numbers from a host of causes. The soldiers fared much better as in the worst cases, someone was dehydrated and could just need to go have a jug of wine and sleep. The local tribes mostly kept to their own, they knew that they had a great source of money in the Romans and did work with them for just that. Many Families from Carthage visited the project including local leaders and chieftains. They were happy that Augustus was the first to win Neptune's bet and were happy to look at the Canal.. 7m (23 ft.) deep, the canal was guaranteed to bring the sea to the desert and expand the empire's breadbasket. Senators and generals also visited the site bringing good wishes to the project. This led to Maximus building friendships with influential leaders from across the empire.

The project was completed after 7 1/2 years of work. The last meter of turf was dug and the barriers were open. The sea began to rush in across the canal as the project finished as a success. Cheers roared from the soldiers as they witnessed the water filling the lake bed with their own eyes. The salty water created a new lake that would be used for commercial, strategic, and environmental reasons. The sea began to fill the lake completely as the lake began to appear. Maximus was pleased, he was the architect of the greatest of mortal man's creation. Augustus's reputation spread as the emperor who turned wasteland to sea. Maximus named the body of water lake Tritonis.

The slaves were also sent to places across Africa. Where they were brought by members of the Militant faction. the faction made by the militant branch of the government and the generals who lead the armies and navies. The result was a triumph in almost all the major cities in the empire for the success. And in the hearts of the Roman people. They knew that they were not only winning against the barbarians. But that they won against nature itself. the seas being another tool Rome can use. But Maximus wasn't done, he knew the empire was ready for more of these euphoric conquests. He was ready to offer Augustus another challenge...
 
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Illyrian Wars pt. I

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The Battle of Scupi

When Dalmatia was taken over by Augustus in 32 BC it was the Romans who were the occupiers of the ancient Illyrian heartland. They had conquered Scodra; the capital of the Illyrian queen Teuta, the symbol of Illyrian pride. The Illyrian tribes knew of Caesar, and gave tribute to the warlord when he Marched from the the Ceraunian Mountains in pursuit of Pompe. The Illyrian people scoffed at Augustus and began to avoid paying their taxes and tributes. They had known freedom once, and the empire had taken it away. Their men slaves to be bought by fat Roman masters. They wished the Emperor would leave them independent and were willing to fight and die for it. However, when news returned of the completion of lake Tritonis by the hands of thousands of Illyrian slaves. Illyrians from as north as Dalmatia to as south as Apollonia were outraged. Especially the newly subjugated Dalmatians who were just conquered by the Romans under Augustus. The Illyrians dreamed of a future where an independent kingdom could be established, and Rome sacked once and for all. This mentality was the reason why two such Illyrians rose onto the political stage. Bato of the Daesitiates, an Illyrian chieftain who rose in revolt against the Romans. His ally Bato of the Breuci who ruled his own Illyrian tribe. And Pinnes, a Pannonian chieftain. These three warlords were able to successfully convince the Illyrians of Dyrrachium and Apollonia to overthrow their Roman masters in the early years of the revolt. by 5 AD the entire Illyrian heartland was under the control of the triumvirate. The Illyrian wars had begun...

[Note: the rebellion spread to Apollonia and Dyrracchium. two cities that didn't join OTL.]

Augustus of course was infuriated. The empire was still healing from it's civil war and now a rebellion by the mountain tribes of Illyria were the last thing he needed. He was confident that he could defeat them of course. And that the spoils of war would fund future imperial projects. He was already bathing in the glory of the lake Tritonis and knew that Roman morale was high. However now was the time to mobilize the legions for a counterattack. Tiberius, his stepson was the supreme commander of the force. The legions of Dalmatia, Pannonia, Raetia, Macedonia, Moesia, and the forces in Thracia were called in the war..

Salona was a major trading hub in the Empire. Something that the Illyrians knew and wished to cut off. Bato of the Breuci began a march with his forces in order to take it. The siege was long and drawn out. The defenders of the walls were experienced and were able to hold for many days. The Illyrians didn't have proper siege equipment, which meant all the Imperial garrison had to do was to wait until Tiberius came with his armies to destroy the attackers. However, that would take a while and Bato knew that it wouldn't need much to push his own ambitions.

The war dragged on as Bato the Daesitate was able to push back both Thracian and moesian forces. The Macedonian and Epirote forces however, flanked the Illyrians and quickly attacked Apollonia from the city of Aulona. This forced Bato to retreat his forces and take back Apollonia. The Moesian and Thracian forces fought against the Illyrians with great force and pushed them further. Creating a hard position for Bato in the south to work with. Apollonia was sieged by the empire and many Illyrian defenders died in the defense. Augustus was impressed by the bravery of the Illyrians and their fighting. The Romans themselves had fought hard, but the Illyrians were resisting quite a lot. However Roman morale was brought up when news spread of the capture of the famous Germanic outlaw Arminius. Who was trialed and exectuted in the most brutal way possible. His skin flayed and the loose skin made to imitate an eagle with a stick up his entire body. The whole show made to look like a gruesome imitation of a Roman standard. Bato the Breuci heard of this and was not willing to die in such a horrible way. He lifted the siege of Salona when Tiberius met his forces. The generals personally meeting in order to negotiate a peace.

Bato of the Breuci was willing to surrender and fight for Rome on a few conditions..

Bato of the Breuci and Illyrians in general get more autonomy in the empire, the Illyrians will be pardoned for their rebellion.

Bato of the Breuci is not executed by the Romans but spends the rest of his life on Corfu.

Bato's grandson Agron Breuciani will be groomed as a Roman and will be the new governor of Dalmatia once he grows to be a adult.

Tiberius accepted his offer and Bato the Beucian fought with Tiberius against Bato Daesitate. This was a turning point in the war as Bato the Daesitate knew he was doomed. He began to build his defenses in the hill of Macedonia and was ready for a last stand against the Roman legions and Illyrian defectors. Bato used the city of Scupi as a place of defence against Rome.

[In OTL Bato Daesitate lived to execute Bato the Beucian.]

The Illyrians were able to fight for a few more years. However the tide turned to the favor of the Romans. As many Illyrians fled the armies back their homes in the mountains. Bato did what he could to keep morale up. Though he knew what would happen... The battle of Scupi was the last battle in the war. The citizens of the city did what they could to help the rebels. However, Bato knew that his defeat was inevitable. His mentality now, was to take as many Romans as he could down with him. The battle was fought in the Summer of 9 AD with Bato against the entire Roman legions of the area led by Tiberius. The battle was a sight to be seen as hundreds of Illyrians fought for their lives against the Roman offenders. The Romans were able to cut against the Illyrians as metal to stone. The defense was a incredible as Roman blood watered the fields.Though the battle was in vain; Bato fought to his last breath from a hill against Rome. Bato's death marked the point where the Illyrian men lost their morale and surrendered. The war was won by the empire.

The aftermath was more interesting than the war itself. Bato was hated by his people but he saved them from the Romans. However, he was sent to Corfu where he spent the rest of his life in an isolated villa. His son Agron was sent to Rome to be tutored by Maximus. His son only being a little lad. The only repercussion for the Illyrians and Pannonians was an increased yearly tribute the tribes had to pay. No slaves, no rape, no torture. The Romans were impressed by the Illyrians' war ability, and saw a great partner in future projects. A people that Maximus could use as workers. The Illyrians were also left with more autonomy, especially in the highlands where it was rare to see a Roman. There, Illyrian sheep herders were left to their own devices.

Bato was never forgotten by the Illyrians. Instead of washing away from collective memory, Bato was a martyr to the people of Illyria. The Illyrian Eagle cult was formed, in which Bato was saved against the Romans by the god Perendi. Who lifted Bato to heaven to fight against the evil empire. They were a fringe cult, popular among veterans of the war and soldiers. They were decentralized, almost guerrillas who fought against Rome by sabotage and robbery. The Illyrian eagle cult was strong among the sheep-herders as well. Where stories were exchanged of the eagle-lord.
 
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Wouldn't the Chott el Djerid be called something else back then? Why would the Phoenicians use an Arabic name?

I can't find any other names for the lake before the canal. So for the sake of keeping it simple, I called it the modern name until the canal was built.

Lake Augusta is the name the Romans use after the project.
 
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The Roman empire by the year 10 AD

Red:direct imperial holdings

Purple: tributary/Client states to the Roman Empire

Black: Non-Roman organized states

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The ancients are such savages and barbaric.

To think that some of my ancestors were murderers and rapists just because it was the ethical norm to do just that.
 
The ancients are such savages and barbaric.

To think that some of my ancestors were murderers and rapists just because it was the ethical norm to do just that.

Hell, I'm Albanian. My ancestors were probably those Illyrians who fought against the Romans. But society progresses, and here we are. But we still got a long way to go.
 
Due to the high cost of the Illyrian war Augustus decided that more projects during his reign would sink the treasury. Instead, Augustus focused on establishing imperial holdings. From 10 A.D.- 17 A.D Augustus took a policy of annexation and construction. First was the kingdom of Thrace, whose king Rhoemetalces I was a loyal subject to Augustus. the Kind however, had died at 12 AD. Augustus knew that the empire needed the land and wealth of the Thracian people. That led to Augustus annexed the kingdom of Thrace into his empire after the king's death. The Thracian people were angry at first, but they knew that a revolt would only lead to ruin. Augustus sent emissaries with orders to put a Roman governor in the new province. The transition in governments went smooth as people didn't want to face Augustus' wrath.

In Mauretania, Juba II ruled from his seat in Caesarea. Juba being a lifelong friend of Augustus was extremely loyal to the empire. Juba was also a great friend of Septimus Maximus. Who was also raised in the coast of northern Africa. Maximus often wrote to Juba about his experiments, which only enticed Juba even more. Juba knew that the empire had the capacity to turn the Sahara green. And that would lead to an enormous amount of food for it's citizens. Juba also helping fighting off berbers from the sands of the desert. The Berber attacks though had decreased since the creation of lake Tritonis. And most Berber tribes shunned such a creation as a strange Roman magic trick. The tribes around Mauritania were more focused on infighting at the moment. Juba happily played his part in the fighting and his interests were the interests of Rome. This proved Juba as an excellent piece to Augustus' game.

Germania was unlike any other thing to the Romans. Gaul was one thing with it's towns and roads, but Germania had nothing. Only forest and cold could be found, if you were lucky. The Roman legions effectively pacified most of the worst tribes of the region. This offensive went to a halt when the German tribes began to band together. However with the capture of Arminius saved the empire from another Hannibal. The empire knew the use of Germania though, and with peace treaties it was much safer for legions to pass across the province. This lead to an uneasy peace in the frontiers as administrative regions were establish and the daily necessities of Rome were built. The first Towns were built by any colonist who was brave, or stupid enough to live in a place such as Germania. Augustus did his best to keep the leadership positions filled with experienced diplomats, as to avoid catastrophe. Resources such as iron and timber were also extracted as mines were filled with slaves. They did well to keep in line, since the desert was an option for misbehavior.

Pontus and Cappadocia were increasingly close to the central administration of the Empire. Though they were never formally annexed by the empire because of the threat of Parthia. The great nemesis of Rome always loomed over Rome's east. The Parthian empire by 15 A.D was ruled by the the king Artabanus III. This king was vehemently anti-Roman and wished to conquer the kingdom of Armenia. The old Augustus knew about this and increasingly supported the Armenians. Once Parthia could be defeated once and for all would change the way the empire could look at the outside world. War for the time being was impossible, as Augustus was known and feared by all in the known world. Parthia was a thorn to Rome's side for decades. However the foundations for a treaty between the empires was beginning to appear. The empire was beginning to known it's future, that of world domination.

Britain was Caesar's prize during the days of the republic. After the civil war and subsequent fall of the senate, the Britons were spared from Roman invasion. However it wouldn't last as long as the tribes wished. The Roman empire had gained much of its power projection. Both Britons and Romans knew of the natural resources that Britannia had. Roman merchants wanted to cut the middle man and sent daily letters to Gaulish legions requesting an invasion in order to open trade to the seas surrounding Pytheas. Roman scouting ships could be seen in the southern coast of Britannia. The Britons knew little of Augustus's plans as they an uneasy peace fell across the island. Though the idea of invading Britain was a common thought in his court; Augustus wouldn't invade Britain, yet..

Phalkon's expedition

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The Atlantic coast was a mystery to most Romans. Hundreds of years before the cities formation Phoenician explorers sailed as far south as the foothills of the Mountains of the Moon. A land where ebony-skinned people dwell in dark jungles.The Canaries were known to Rome, though a far and queer land. During his early reign Juba noted the islands as full of ancient ruins and dogs of all types and sizes. Juba knew of this isle and wanted to send an expedition. The cost of such a journey was very high, and a man brave enough to do it must be found. Though since the success of lake Augusta; many patricians were willing to expand their own patricians. One of these families was the gen Valeria; who were an ancient clan dating to the foundation of Rome were willing to pay. They hired a Greek explorer known as Phakon to sail to the islands. The adventurer faced many odds, though he accepted it. He started his adventure in the western port of Tingis. From there he departed hugging the coast of Africa to the port city of Essaouira, a factory was located there that supplied the empire with Tyrian purple. An extremely rare dye that only patricians and Emperors could wear. The city was the last civilized city in the region. Further south was only the wild sea and the savage lands beyond. But Phakon had other plans; he departed to the Canary islands to verify Juba's accounts of ancient ruins. The trip took around 30 days, until Phakon found land. The land was forested, full of strange whistling, and inhabited by a strange sand-colored people. Contact was limited, until a Berber sailor said he understood a great deal of their language. From there, Phakon was able to note the customs of the islanders and their society. They were primitive, though they were sophisticated in their societal hierarchy and respect of nature. Phakon heard their whistle language, a strange and unique long-distance communication method that offered the people of the island quick news on their arrival. the expedition took 30 islanders along with them to be ambassadors to Rome.

The expedition continued as the private fleet discovered a enormous peninsula. This peninsula was filled with what the familiar monk seals of the Mediterranean, which lead to the name Sigilia (land of Seals). The Romans saw a bountiful supply of fish and food was readily available. No traces of civilization appeared to the be seen. Though there were locals, who made contact with the Roman camp and spoke a language similar to Berber. They stated that they were mere fishermen who gathered food from around the area. When asked about any cities they said that there were no cities more south. But they had ancient legends of light-skinned explorers who landed on an island in the name of some northern city. After leading the Romans to the site of the island the Romans saw the remains of a centuries-old Carthaginian outpost. Preserved by the desert climate in a lone island, There they scavenged for any resources and found a few coins along with animal bones. They built a make shift fort in the Isle from Stone and low-lying trees. They named the island of the outpost Insula Phantasma after the nature of the camp.

Phakon left Sigilia further south, at 34 days of sailing along the coast they found a village of fishermen in a savage land. They were ebony-skinned but unintelligible in their tongue even to the Berbers. Friendly, they were interested in the Roman's material possessions more than their presence. Many were willing to trade natural resources such as Gold and wood for metal. Seeing an opportunity Phakon arranged to exchange his most rusted tools in exchange for handfuls of gold, which the village elders accepted. This was unnoticed at first, but eventually the villagers knew the difference in quality. They immediately began to harass the Roman expedition. Which lead to Phakon taking over the village and demanding his gold by force. Th village complied and great amounts of gold and other resources were extracted. The ships were repaired for the most part, which lead to the departure of the Romans. They set their sights on the Mountains of the Moon, a legendary mountain range to the extreme south. Which led to the expedition continuing for 44 more days until the expedition stopped at a great delta. This delta was home to many wild men and wilder beasts. Phakon didn't try contact with these people as they very aggressive towards any contractors. In his trip he made the calculations of his trip with relation to the earth's position and used the proportions of the suns and stars to deduce that his path was curved around the land. It was certain that he passed into the lands of Gorrilae. The vast forests that we saw were full of great lions and other beasts of strange appearance. Wild men known as men lived on trees and attacked whenever someone got close. Great horse-monsters ran across the jungles when provoked. And large Elephants marched in the never-ending woods.

The expedition continued until Phakon was sure that he passed the point where the Carthaginians had explored. Only dark forests were what they saw as the moved further south. Bearing a great resemblance to Hanno's accounts of his trip. Which Phakon had found and read in the Alexandrian archives. The farther south, the more his men were anxious to turn back. After 58 days of sailing, Phakon turned back once he knew he overtook the Carthaginians. Of the Mountains of the Moon, the last days of the journey saw high mountains rising in the lands. Phakon knew there was more to explore. But even he couldn't say that he wanted to go further. Only the gods know what is beyond those mountains...

[Sigilia and The Mountains of the Moon were recorded by the Roman archives after Phakon's return.]
 
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Death of Augustus & Rise of Tiberius

Octavian, later Caesar Augustus. Adopted stepchild and favored heir to Caesar; had ruled for decades over an empire stretching from Gaul to Syria. Bringing the vicious murderers of Caesar to their knees. Encouraged massive projects across the lands and exploration across the known world. Patron to monuments and art. Triumphant over man and gods, ruler of the world, and first among equals. His might will echo across the ages. Augustus was a god among men; With the might of Hercules, will of Achilles, intellect of Odysseus, and Heart of Prometheus. He will join Alexander and Romulus in the halls of heroes and will protect Rome when evil comes our way.

Those were the words of the obituary of the dead Caesar. Augustus had ruled for decades over the empire, however his age had caught with him. By 16 AD he was confinded to his bed, where he peacefully awaited his fate. The last words from his mouth willing his stepson, Tiberius to take the purple. Now he laid with all the aristocracy of Rome surrounding him. A silence fell on the ceremony only to be broken by the crying of men and women. Their leader had died, and people let out their emotions to show their sadness. Augustus, to them was like the she-wolf who fed Romulus and Remus. Rome was weak, and needed the warm support of a proud wolf in order to survive hardships. The empire knew that transition to the new emperor would be long and hard. Tiberius seemed a calm enough person during his leadership against Bato. He wasn't afraid of his duties and was already preparing for the day where he would rule. A hardened man of 56, he was ready to lead the empire through hardships. Although he didn't have Augustus's charisma and personality, he would make it up with an intelligent reign. He just needed to have a stable first 5 years of rule, and he would be able to rule without conflict.

The first few decrees that Tiberius established was the creation of the of the imperial school of environment and exploration in the city of Sabrata. This school would serve as the future center of research for the changing of environment in the great desert. While originally planned by Augustus; the school was built and finished by 52 AD. It would be a place of debate among experts on the specific ways the desert could be claimed back. Scribes could collect records taken from Berber and Egyptian traditions in irrigation and farming. This academy was the center of canal-building research and had archives of potential areas of exploration in the desert. Funded by the many different sources it was known that the school was a great supporter of slavery, and the use of it in constructing great canals.

Maximus of course, knew the day would come when Augustus would pass. Augustus was getting old, and weaker from the strain of ruling. This Tiberius was much more malleable and flexible than the stingy late emperor. Tiberius was weak willed but intelligent, giving in to Maximus's demands of starting the construction of Lake Tiberia. Which was found in a deep depression in the deserts. The lake would need much more time to build as it was much farther from sea than lake Augusta. The material conditions were plentiful, Aegyptus had already done great projects before in the name of old monarchs. Aegyptus was also a big province with many people, so slaves and legionaries were readily available. After the lake was done, colonists would enter the shores of the lake to make a living in the lakeshore.

The project begun in 19 A.D, once again from the last lake. Several Legions were brought in to the project. over 15,000 soldiers participated in the project, while over 60,000 slaves that once worked on Augusta were also brought in to work on the project. Local tribesmen in digging sites as well as Nubians were also hired because of their experience in the desert and their sun-resistant abilities. In exchange, Maximus gave them a sum of silver from his own personal treasury. Which led the Nubians and tribesmen to work along with the soldiers on the project. The main base of operations was stationed in Ammonium, a isolated settlement near the basin where the Roman legion held a garrison. Maximus requested that the garrison's men help in the canal's construction which Tiberius later approved. Direct control of the operation was granted to Maximus as he had proved himself in the previous project. Maximus did what he had done in Augusta with having the slaves go out to the desert and the soldiers to the sea. They planned to converge at a point and from there begin their parties at a point in the desert. From there, the seawater of the Mediterranean would be released to the depression and the lake would be formed. Ammonium and it's oasis would become a lake-front settlement where settlements and irrigation could be established.

The first few months were smooth as the slaves began work. These slaves were from lands such as Gaul, Dacia, Thracia, Pontus, Scythia, and Ethiopia. For the most part, slaves from this point were from the originals who worded on Lake Augusta. Those who survived the horrors were hardened and toughed by the ordeal. Discipline was key in effectiveness, most slaves were prepared to work by having Berber cloaks and head protection. While newer ones from Aegyptus were left to their own devices. They would have to make due with the horrid sun and the burning desert sand on their bare feet by themselves. For a slave, there was no hope. Escape by day would mean either you get captured and executed or die in the blaze. While escape at night means almost guaranteed capture by slavers or desert wolves. They were lost in the sea of sands and the only way to possibly escape was through the Romans. Which left the slaves with no option but work.

The soldiers were also disciplined, but comfortable as well. Their sleep schedules adjusted to the high heat during noon. They were able to socialize and form bonds with themselves and their other. The Nubians were especially diligent as they knew this sort of terrain. Many of the workers were once soldiers in the Kushite army. And led to Romans knowing them a quite but honorable people. The sun didn't bother them as much as it did the Romans, and Maximus always had them as his bodyguard. Work continued for a while until the winter of 21 A.D, where the weather got increasingly wetter and dangerous. Work continued, but the dark stormclouds rose much anxiety in the Nubians and Berbers. Both had told Maximus that if they didn't get to high ground, flash floods would engulf the entire workforce and drown everyone. In the end, the Nubian's advice was listened to. Maximus retreated both camps to the upper hills while waiting for the rains to come. And the rains came; swallowing the canal and bringing any hope of a few years of completion to an end. Once the waters fell, the canal was intact but left without any depth. They were supposed to big enough to swallow an entire warship. Frustrated from his incompetent choice of schedule and reliance on foreigners for help. Maximus had no choice but to continue digging. He would have to add depth later once the canal was done. This at least brought the slaves' morale up as the water meant that they could have something to drink. Water was less of a hassle since before the flooding they relied on water from Ammonium. All the workers had to do was to take nearby water and purify it.

Excavation went on to the date of 23 A.D. when there was news from Rome. The messenger stated that Juba II had died and that his son Ptolemy of Mauretania was now king of Mauretania for a few months. However, Tiberius was able to convince Phtolemy to dissolve the kingdom and let the Roman Empire annex the territory. Phtolemy would still rule since he was a partial Roman with a citizenship. He would instead be governor of Mauritania instead of king. The condition was that Rome would take 2/3rds of the kingdom's treasury, and the royal army would be converted to a legion. Maximus was pleased as the news went to his ears. Rome now directly controlled the Mediterranean, mare nostrum indeed.

24-26 A.D were uneventful as the workers were able to dig all the way to their desired point. From there the legion would begin re-digging the points of the canal damaged by the flood. The slaves would also help in building with the Nubians. This process took about a year as the canal was expanded to it's desired proportions. With the end result being that by 28 A.D the canal was done and all that was needed was for the last barriers to be opened...

Disaster at Ammonium

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city of Ammonium on the shore of lake Tiberia

Once the project was completely done, Maximus arranged a ceremony to commence the excavation of the Tiberian canal. Patricians and many other important figures were present. As rumors had spread that Augustus had made a lake out of desert spread across Europe. Even emissaries from Parthia were present; who among other things wanted to see what the Romans were capable of. The ceremony was elaborate as the priests of Neptune called upon their god out of admiration. The ceremony ended with an applause as the participants saw a few slaves climbing down. They were responsible with opening the last 2 meters of canal. From their sacrifice to Neptune, they opened the water to the canal. The torrents of water flowing across the canal as far as the eye could see. a flush of water smashing against the walls of the canal.

But what they didn't know was the horror those people of Ammonium would experience...

The water flushed into the depression, thousands of kilograms of water flushing across the barren wasteland. The torrents instead of slowing, only diminished it's speed by a portion while still going straight to Ammonium. The town had no time to evacuate as half of the city was engulfed by the tidal wave. Only half of the frontier town survived the flooding. While the other half was drowned into the sea, killing thousands of people. Families were cut in half as mothers, fathers, siblings, and infants were lost to the sea. This wasn't known to the dignitaries who only saw the water entering the canal. However, Berber merchants from the isolated corners of the sandy sea saw the devastation. Many thought that the gods were angered at them for some reason, leaving Ammonium to never see the cursed city again. When Maximus learned of the catastrophe, he was furious. He ordered all merchants from the city to be shot with no exceptions. The new of the catastrophe would be sent to Tiberius and blamed on a freak earthquake before the completion of the canal. Septimus Maximus was not willing to be executed by Tiberius or have his emperor's reputation ruined. So for a few years the legions would rebuild the town in hopes of making any traces of the accident disappear. Something that Maximus had to do in order to preserve the propaganda power of the emperors.

Maximus also knew of the strange traditions the city had, and he offered Tiberius the option of making a false story about the Ammonians. All they had to do was to say that one of the berbers stole a slave girl who was actually a mermaid. Who then proceeded to rape the god's daughter. Neptune punished the city by pushing the city down to the sea. Either way, the news would spread. But the only way the emperor could preserve his reputation was to make a false story.
 
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